Ada95 Reference Manual

• Standard
• Introduction
• Design Goals
• Language Summary
• Program Units
• Declarations and Statements
• Data Types
• Other Facilities
• Language Changes
• Instructions for Comment Submission
• Acknowledgements
• 1 General
• 1.1 Scope
• 1.1.1 Extent
• 1.1.2 Structure
• 1.1.3 Conformity of an Implementation with the Standard
• 1.1.4 Method of Description and Syntax Notation
• 1.1.5 Classification of Errors
• 1.2 Normative References
• 1.3 Definitions
• 2 Lexical Elements
• 2.1 Character Set
• 2.2 Lexical Elements, Separators, and Delimiters
• 2.3 Identifiers
• 2.4 Numeric Literals
• 2.4.1 Decimal Literals
• 2.4.2 Based Literals
• 2.5 Character Literals
• 2.6 String Literals
• 2.7 Comments
• 2.8 Pragmas
• 2.9 Reserved Words
• 3 Declarations and Types
• 3.1 Declarations
• 3.2 Types and Subtypes
• 3.2.1 Type Declarations
• 3.2.2 Subtype Declarations
• 3.2.3 Classification of Operations
• 3.3 Objects and Named Numbers
• 3.3.1 Object Declarations
• 3.3.2 Number Declarations
• 3.4 Derived Types and Classes
• 3.4.1 Derivation Classes
• 3.5 Scalar Types
• 3.5.1 Enumeration Types
• 3.5.2 Character Types
• 3.5.3 Boolean Types
• 3.5.4 Integer Types
• 3.5.5 Operations of Discrete Types
• 3.5.6 Real Types
• 3.5.7 Floating Point Types
• 3.5.8 Operations of Floating Point Types
• 3.5.9 Fixed Point Types
• 3.5.10 Operations of Fixed Point Types
• 3.6 Array Types
• 3.6.1 Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges
• 3.6.2 Operations of Array Types
• 3.6.3 String Types
• 3.7 Discriminants
• 3.7.1 Discriminant Constraints
• 3.7.2 Operations of Discriminated Types
• 3.8 Record Types
• 3.8.1 Variant Parts and Discrete Choices
• 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
• 3.9.1 Type Extensions
• 3.9.2 Dispatching Operations of Tagged Types
• 3.9.3 Abstract Types and Subprograms
• 3.10 Access Types
• 3.10.1 Incomplete Type Declarations
• 3.10.2 Operations of Access Types
• 3.11 Declarative Parts
• 3.11.1 Completions of Declarations
• 4 Names and Expressions
• 4.1 Names
• 4.1.1 Indexed Components
• 4.1.2 Slices
• 4.1.3 Selected Components
• 4.1.4 Attributes
• 4.2 Literals
• 4.3 Aggregates
• 4.3.1 Record Aggregates
• 4.3.2 Extension Aggregates
• 4.3.3 Array Aggregates
• 4.4 Expressions
• 4.5 Operators and Expression Evaluation
• 4.5.1 Logical Operators and Short-circuit Control Forms
• 4.5.2 Relational Operators and Membership Tests
• 4.5.3 Binary Adding Operators
• 4.5.4 Unary Adding Operators
• 4.5.5 Multiplying Operators
• 4.5.6 Highest Precedence Operators
• 4.6 Type Conversions
• 4.7 Qualified Expressions
• 4.8 Allocators
• 4.9 Static Expressions and Static Subtypes
• 4.9.1 Statically Matching Constraints and Subtypes
• 5 Statements
• 5.1 Simple and Compound Statements - Sequences of Statements
• 5.2 Assignment Statements
• 5.3 If Statements
• 5.4 Case Statements
• 5.5 Loop Statements
• 5.6 Block Statements
• 5.7 Exit Statements
• 5.8 Goto Statements
• 6 Subprograms
• 6.1 Subprogram Declarations
• 6.2 Formal Parameter Modes
• 6.3 Subprogram Bodies
• 6.3.1 Conformance Rules
• 6.3.2 Inline Expansion of Subprograms
• 6.4 Subprogram Calls
• 6.4.1 Parameter Associations
• 6.5 Return Statements
• 6.6 Overloading of Operators
• 7 Packages
• 7.1 Package Specifications and Declarations
• 7.2 Package Bodies
• 7.3 Private Types and Private Extensions
• 7.3.1 Private Operations
• 7.4 Deferred Constants
• 7.5 Limited Types
• 7.6 User-Defined Assignment and Finalization
• 7.6.1 Completion and Finalization
• 8 Visibility Rules
• 8.1 Declarative Region
• 8.2 Scope of Declarations
• 8.3 Visibility
• 8.4 Use Clauses
• 8.5 Renaming Declarations
• 8.5.1 Object Renaming Declarations
• 8.5.2 Exception Renaming Declarations
• 8.5.3 Package Renaming Declarations
• 8.5.4 Subprogram Renaming Declarations
• 8.5.5 Generic Renaming Declarations
• 8.6 The Context of Overload Resolution
• 9 Tasks and Synchronization
• 9.1 Task Units and Task Objects
• 9.2 Task Execution - Task Activation
• 9.3 Task Dependence - Termination of Tasks
• 9.4 Protected Units and Protected Objects
• 9.5 Intertask Communication
• 9.5.1 Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions
• 9.5.2 Entries and Accept Statements
• 9.5.3 Entry Calls
• 9.5.4 Requeue Statements
• 9.6 Delay Statements, Duration, and Time
• 9.7 Select Statements
• 9.7.1 Selective Accept
• 9.7.2 Timed Entry Calls
• 9.7.3 Conditional Entry Calls
• 9.7.4 Asynchronous Transfer of Control
• 9.8 Abort of a Task - Abort of a Sequence of Statements
• 9.9 Task and Entry Attributes
• 9.10 Shared Variables
• 9.11 Example of Tasking and Synchronization
• 10 Program Structure and Compilation Issues
• 10.1 Separate Compilation
• 10.1.1 Compilation Units - Library Units
• 10.1.2 Context Clauses - With Clauses
• 10.1.3 Subunits of Compilation Units
• 10.1.4 The Compilation Process
• 10.1.5 Pragmas and Program Units
• 10.1.6 Environment-Level Visibility Rules
• 10.2 Program Execution
• 10.2.1 Elaboration Control
• 11 Exceptions
• 11.1 Exception Declarations
• 11.2 Exception Handlers
• 11.3 Raise Statements
• 11.4 Exception Handling
• 11.4.1 The Package Exceptions
• 11.4.2 Example of Exception Handling
• 11.5 Suppressing Checks
• 11.6 Exceptions and Optimization
• 12 Generic Units
• 12.1 Generic Declarations
• 12.2 Generic Bodies
• 12.3 Generic Instantiation
• 12.4 Formal Objects
• 12.5 Formal Types
• 12.5.1 Formal Private and Derived Types
• 12.5.2 Formal Scalar Types
• 12.5.3 Formal Array Types
• 12.5.4 Formal Access Types
• 12.6 Formal Subprograms
• 12.7 Formal Packages
• 12.8 Example of a Generic Package
• 13 Representation Issues
• 13.1 Representation Items
• 13.2 Pragma Pack
• 13.3 Representation Attributes
• 13.4 Enumeration Representation Clauses
• 13.5 Record Layout
• 13.5.1 Record Representation Clauses
• 13.5.2 Storage Place Attributes
• 13.5.3 Bit Ordering
• 13.6 Change of Representation
• 13.7 The Package System
• 13.7.1 The Package System.Storage_Elements
• 13.7.2 The Package System.Address_To_Access_Conversions
• 13.8 Machine Code Insertions
• 13.9 Unchecked Type Conversions
• 13.9.1 Data Validity
• 13.9.2 The Valid Attribute
• 13.10 Unchecked Access Value Creation
• 13.11 Storage Management
• 13.11.1 The Max_Size_In_Storage_Elements Attribute
• 13.11.2 Unchecked Storage Deallocation
• 13.11.3 Pragma Controlled
• 13.12 Pragma Restrictions
• 13.13 Streams
• 13.13.1 The Package Streams
• 13.13.2 Stream-Oriented Attributes
• 13.14 Freezing Rules
• A Predefined Language Environment (normative)
• A.1 The Package Standard
• A.2 The Package Ada
• A.3 Character Handling
• A.3.1 The Package Characters
• A.3.2 The Package Characters.Handling
• A.3.3 The Package Characters.Latin_1
• A.4 String Handling
• A.4.1 The Package Strings
• A.4.2 The Package Strings.Maps
• A.4.3 Fixed-Length String Handling
• A.4.4 Bounded-Length String Handling
• A.4.5 Unbounded-Length String Handling
• A.4.6 String-Handling Sets and Mappings
• A.4.7 Wide_String Handling
• A.5 The Numerics Packages
• A.5.1 Elementary Functions
• A.5.2 Random Number Generation
• A.5.3 Attributes of Floating Point Types
• A.5.4 Attributes of Fixed Point Types
• A.6 Input-Output
• A.7 External Files and File Objects
• A.8 Sequential and Direct Files
• A.8.1 The Generic Package Sequential_IO
• A.8.2 File Management
• A.8.3 Sequential Input-Output Operations
• A.8.4 The Generic Package Direct_IO
• A.8.5 Direct Input-Output Operations
• A.9 The Generic Package Storage_IO
• A.10 Text Input-Output
• A.10.1 The Package Text_IO
• A.10.2 Text File Management
• A.10.3 Default Input, Output, and Error Files
• A.10.4 Specification of Line and Page Lengths
• A.10.5 Operations on Columns, Lines, and Pages
• A.10.6 Get and Put Procedures
• A.10.7 Input-Output of Characters and Strings
• A.10.8 Input-Output for Integer Types
• A.10.9 Input-Output for Real Types
• A.10.10 Input-Output for Enumeration Types
• A.11 Wide Text Input-Output
• A.12 Stream Input-Output
• A.12.1 The Package Streams.Stream_IO
• A.12.2 The Package Text_IO.Text_Streams
• A.12.3 The Package Wide_Text_IO.Text_Streams
• A.13 Exceptions in Input-Output
• A.14 File Sharing
• A.15 The Package Command_Line
• B Interface to Other Languages (normative)
• B.1 Interfacing Pragmas
• B.2 The Package Interfaces
• B.3 Interfacing with C
• B.3.1 The Package Interfaces.C.Strings
• B.3.2 The Generic Package Interfaces.C.Pointers
• B.4 Interfacing with COBOL
• B.5 Interfacing with Fortran
• C Systems Programming (normative)
• C.1 Access to Machine Operations
• C.2 Required Representation Support
• C.3 Interrupt Support
• C.3.1 Protected Procedure Handlers
• C.3.2 The Package Interrupts
• C.4 Preelaboration Requirements
• C.5 Pragma Discard_Names
• C.6 Shared Variable Control
• C.7 Task Identification and Attributes
• C.7.1 The Package Task_Identification
• C.7.2 The Package Task_Attributes
• D Real-Time Systems (normative)
• D.1 Task Priorities
• D.2 Priority Scheduling
• D.2.1 The Task Dispatching Model
• D.2.2 The Standard Task Dispatching Policy
• D.3 Priority Ceiling Locking
• D.4 Entry Queuing Policies
• D.5 Dynamic Priorities
• D.6 Preemptive Abort
• D.7 Tasking Restrictions
• D.8 Monotonic Time
• D.9 Delay Accuracy
• D.10 Synchronous Task Control
• D.11 Asynchronous Task Control
• D.12 Other Optimizations and Determinism Rules
• E Distributed Systems (normative)
• E.1 Partitions
• E.2 Categorization of Library Units
• E.2.1 Shared Passive Library Units
• E.2.2 Remote Types Library Units
• E.2.3 Remote Call Interface Library Units
• E.3 Consistency of a Distributed System
• E.4 Remote Subprogram Calls
• E.4.1 Pragma Asynchronous
• E.4.2 Example of Use of a Remote Access-to-Class-Wide Type
• E.5 Partition Communication Subsystem
• F Information Systems (normative)
• F.1 Machine_Radix Attribute Definition Clause
• F.2 The Package Decimal
• F.3 Edited Output for Decimal Types
• F.3.1 Picture String Formation
• F.3.2 Edited Output Generation
• F.3.3 The Package Text_IO.Editing
• F.3.4 The Package Wide_Text_IO.Editing
• G Numerics (normative)
• G.1 Complex Arithmetic
• G.1.1 Complex Types
• G.1.2 Complex Elementary Functions
• G.1.3 Complex Input-Output
• G.1.4 The Package Wide_Text_IO.Complex_IO
• G.2 Numeric Performance Requirements
• G.2.1 Model of Floating Point Arithmetic
• G.2.2 Model-Oriented Attributes of Floating Point Types
• G.2.3 Model of Fixed Point Arithmetic
• G.2.4 Accuracy Requirements for the Elementary Functions
• G.2.5 Performance Requirements for Random Number Generation
• G.2.6 Accuracy Requirements for Complex Arithmetic
• H Safety and Security (normative)
• H.1 Pragma Normalize_Scalars
• H.2 Documentation of Implementation Decisions
• H.3 Reviewable Object Code
• H.3.1 Pragma Reviewable
• H.3.2 Pragma Inspection_Point
• H.4 Safety and Security Restrictions
• J Obsolescent Features (normative)
• J.1 Renamings of Ada 83 Library Units
• J.2 Allowed Replacements of Characters
• J.3 Reduced Accuracy Subtypes
• J.4 The Constrained Attribute
• J.5 ASCII
• J.6 Numeric_Error
• J.7 At Clauses
• J.7.1 Interrupt Entries
• J.8 Mod Clauses
• J.9 The Storage_Size Attribute
• K Language-Defined Attributes (informative)
• L Language-Defined Pragmas (informative)
• M Implementation-Defined Characteristics (informative)
• N Glossary (informative)
• P Syntax Summary (informative)
• Index
• Operator index
• Digits index
• A index
• B index
• C index
• D index
• E index
• F index
• G index
• H index
• I index
• J index
• K index
• L index
• M index
• N index
• O index
• P index
• Q Index
• R index
• S index
• T index
• U index
• V index
• W index
• X index
• Y index